Este artículo da los siguientes pasos: 1. Expone las principales tesis de E. Husserl que sustentan la psicología fenomenológica como estudio de la subjetividad: región de las regiones, en sus vertientes empírica y trascendental, en dos de sus obras: Psicología fenomenológica e Ideas II; 2) Desde esta orientación teórica plantea la recepción de la psicología fenomenológica en Colombia en las primeras décadas de este siglo, sintetizadas así: a) el proyecto de naturalización, b) fenomenología y psiquiatría, c) la vía psicológica: inteligencia (...) artificial ―IA―, y d) fenomenología y psicología de la individuación; 3) A manera de colofón, muestra que la relación indisoluble entre lo empírico y lo trascendental mantiene vivo el aporte de la fenomenología a la psicología contemporánea. (shrink)

Es celebre la definición que hiciera James de la experiencia mística a partir de cuatro rasgos: la inefabilidad, la cualidad noética, la pasividad y la transitoriedad. Por su parte la fenomenología de la mística contemporánea ha señalado la necesidad de distinguir las experiencias místicas de otros tipos de experiencia de trascendencia, y para ello autores como Juan Martín Velasco han rescatado la relevancia de un rasgo que para James era secundario, a saber, la pasividad. A partir de este aporte, es (...) posible entablar un diálogo entre ciencia y mística y lograr así una definición naturalizada de la experiencia mística que revele la importancia tanto de la pasividad mística como de las técnicas para lograrla, de modo que se considere la experiencia mística en su calidad de vía mística. (shrink)

The article analyzes the discursive establishment of the miracle in the religious sensibilities of the population of the Nuevo Reino de Granada, the Spanish American colony Empire, based in Bogota, during the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He turned to the identification of miraculous events both in the territory as the reports and descriptions of them are made in relationships or travel diaries written by clerics of different regular and secular orders and a typology of the facts identified was performed. (...) The methodology was oriented from three views of miracles: the discursive construction from the social appropriation of these phenomena, the popular acceptance of an unexpected event and symbolic configuration that these were in the process of social cohesion between this and other provinces of Nueva Granada territory; also four categories of miracles were identified: those of an image on itself, assistance, physical and thaumaturgic; these, in turn, were grouped as impersonal, individual or collective. (shrink)

Podría pensarse que el discurso epistemológico no puede abordar la experiencia mística, sin embargo desde el siglo XX diversos autores se han dado a la tarea de formular modelos epistemológicos que permitan comprender el estatus epistemológico de dicha experiencia. A partir del auge de perspectivas lingüísticas y sociológicas que se apoyaron en la filosofía de Wittgenstein y en la importancia que éste dio al lenguaje, a la experiencia que en él se expresa y a la comunidad que se entiende con (...) este lenguaje, el modelo constructivista dominó las discusiones epistemológicas sobre la experiencia mística. Sin embargo, este modelo también fue criticado desde varias perspectivas que consideraban que el constructivismo terminaba por reducir la experiencia a la doctrina. A partir de un análisis de este debate, el presente artículo argumenta a favor de un modelo naturalizado y propone algunos criterios para su constitución; muestra, también, la pertinencia de este modelo para una concepción epistemológica de la experiencia mística. (shrink)

El primer capítulo del libro The Varieties of Reference de Gareth Evans, denominado ‘Frege’, abre las puertas a nuevas perspectivas de análisis de la teoría fregeana. Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la interpretación que Evans presenta de la teoría semántica fregeana, analizar algunas de las consecuencias que se derivan de tal interpretación y proponer una versión de la teoría semántica fregeana que pueda dar cuenta de los casos problemáticos para el análisis de un lenguaje natural. El presente artículo está (...) dividido en dos partes generales: en los primeros ocho apartados se reconstruye y analiza el argumento de Evans; y en las conclusiones, se presenta un análisis de las conclusiones a las que llega Evans a partir de su argumento y una propuesta para hacer compatible el principio de composicionalidad y el principio de contexto en el marco fregeano con el fin de resolver algunos de los casos conflictivos para una teoría semántica fregeana para el lenguaje natural. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente, la experiencia mística tiene como uno de sus propósitos fundamentales alcanzar la liberación. Esta puede entenderse como el resultado de la superación de los condicionamientos del ego que permite el encuentro con nuestra mismidad. Se analiza la liberación desde un discurso epistemológico naturalizado, entendiéndola como un proceso de desautomatización que repercute sobre el sistema nervioso central y que suscita una transformación radical en la relación habitual que el hombre tiene con el mundo. According to the tradition, one of the (...) objectives of the mystic experience is to achieve liberation. The latter can be understood as the result of overcoming the conditioning of the ego in order to find our selfhood. The article analyzes liberation from the perspective of naturalized epistemological discourse, understanding it as a process of deautomatization that affects the central nervous system and promotes a radical transformation of the human being's customary relationship to the world. Tradicionalmente, a experiência mística tem como um de seus propósitos fundamentais alcançar a liberação. Esta pode ser entendida como o resultado da superação dos condicionamentos do ego que permite o encontro com nossa mesmi-dade. Analisa-se a liberação a partir de um discurso epistemológico naturalizado, que a entende como um processo de desautomatização que repercute sobre o sistema nervoso central e provoca uma transformação radical na relação habitual que o homem tem com o mundo. (shrink)

Tradicionalmente, la experiencia mística tiene como uno de sus propósitos fundamentales alcanzar la liberación. Esta puede entenderse como el resultado de la superación de los condicionamientos del ego que permite el encuentro con nuestra mismidad. Se analiza la liberación desde un discurso epistemológico naturalizado, entendiéndola como un proceso de desautomatización que repercute sobre el sistema nervioso central y que suscita una transformación radical en la relación habitual que el hombre tiene con el mundo.

Este artículo traza una relación entre tres de los autores más influyentes de la doctrina del atomismo lógico a partir de la noción de análisis lógico, sin embargo, dicha relación busca no solo la constatación de su cercanía doctrinal sino la concepción ontológica que subyace a la posibilidad de dicho análisis, para el caso de Russell y Wittgenstein, o su ausencia, para el caso de Carnap, lo cual, no obstante, no aleja a este de preocupaciones de carácter metafísico, ya que (...) en los tres autores la relación entre lenguaje y mundo, ya sea desde la dimensión ontológica o epistemológica, comporta una reflexión de primer orden. Para exponer lo anterior se recurre a dilucidar la relación entre nombres propios y hechos (Russell), objetos simples y estado de cosas (Wittgenstein) y la postura de la Ciencia Unificada (Carnap) con respecto a la representación de hechos o cosas. (shrink)

El estudio de la experiencia mística se ha hecho desde diversos campos del conocimiento humano. Sin embargo, se ha considerado que un estudio que involucre la ciencia y la mística sólo podría conducir a una visión desacralizada de esta experiencia. Pero esta postura refleja más bien un desconocimiento en el cambio de paradigma que ha tenido la ciencia desde inicios del siglo XX. El propósito de este artículo es contextualizar este diálogo entre ciencia y mística a partir de una postura (...) naturalizada que permita comprender la experiencia mística en su dimensión biológica, al estudiar el rasgo singularísimo de la pasividad mística, justamente, desde este enfoque naturalizado. (shrink)

This article explores the indissoluble connection between the order of being and knowing in the allagmatic epistemology proposed by Gilbert Simondon based on the following thesis: the knowledge of psychic individuation is the condition for the possibility of knowing different modes of individuation. This statement requires the passage through logic, according to the author’s conception of ontogenesis, for describing the analogy and the subject that knows analogically and individuates itself as he knows. Thus, the psychology of individuation is established as (...) a scientific field of work opened up by Simondon and its epistemological implications in the way of conceiving the subject-object relation. (shrink)

Recently, there has been much research into conceptual engineering in connection with feminist inquiry and activism, most notably involving gender issues, but also sexism and misogyny. Our paper contributes to this research by explicating, in a principled manner, a series of other concepts important for feminist research and activism, to wit, feminist political identity terms. More specifically, we show how the popular Conceptual Spaces Framework (CSF) can be used to identify and regiment concepts that are central to feminist research, focusing (...) especially on feminism in France. According to the CSF, concepts can be represented geometrically, as regions in similarity spaces. A particular strength of the CSF framework is its empirically-focused methodology, which allows researchers to infer the boundaries of concepts from empirical data, thus eliminating the need to strongly rely on intuitions about meanings. This is shown to be especially valuable for the explication of concepts relating to feminist political identity, given that the intuitions of feminist scholars and activists about what would appear to be core concepts in the area tend to be poorly aligned or even conflicting. We report the results from an empirical categorization study conducted among French feminists and show how they support the view that the CSF can contribute to both the conceptual engineering project and our understanding of the structure of social reality. (shrink)

Esta investigación presenta planteamientos fenomenológicos y hermenéuticos sobre el quehacer teológico en el contexto de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, en miras a la renovación del trabajo del pregrado definido como una Teología en contexto. Se buscó comprender en qué consiste tal quehacer teológico porque así lo requiere la carrera en los actuales marcos de comprensión socioeclesial, además de las definiciones institucionales dentro de la Universidad. Para esta comprensión, junto a la revisión de los aportes históricos, filosóficos y teológicos en (...) general, se hizo necesario plantear una metodología cualitativa que incluyó, a partir de la técnica del grupo focal, la experiencia de estudiantes y maestros que entienden, fraguan y asimilan este conocimiento teológico-contextual al interior de las aulas de clase. Así se da cuenta del mundo de la vida y de la interpretación del acto de vida, donde se hacen las construcciones teológicas. Finalmente, se comparte el análisis y discusión de los resultados con el propósito de aportar horizontes desde y para la institución, con el fin de facilitar una Teología al servicio de las comunidades y de la sociedad colombiana. (shrink)

This paper generalizes the (epistemic) preface paradox beyond the principle of belief aggregation and constructs a similar paradox for deontic reasoning. The analysis of the deontic case yields a solution strategy---restricting belief/obligation aggregation rather than giving it up altogether---that can be transferred to the epistemic case. Our proposal amounts to a reasonable compromise between two goals: (i) sticking to bridge principles between evidence and belief, such as the Lockean Thesis, and (ii) obtaining a sufficiently strong logic of doxastic and deontic (...) reasoning. (shrink)

A number of philosophers have recently suggested that some abstract, plausibly non-causal and/or mathematical, explanations explain in a way that is radically dif- ferent from the way causal explanation explain. Namely, while causal explanations explain by providing information about causal dependence, allegedly some abstract explanations explain in a way tied to the independence of the explanandum from the microdetails, or causal laws, for example. We oppose this recent trend to regard abstractions as explanatory in some sui generis way, and argue (...) that a prominent ac- count of causal explanation can be naturally extended to capture explanations that radically abstract away from microphysical and causal-nomological details. To this end, we distinguish di erent senses in which an explanation can be more or less abstract, and analyse the connection between explanations’ abstractness and their explanatory power. According to our analysis abstract explanations have much in common with counterfactual causal explanations. (shrink)

Probabilism is committed to two theses: 1) Opinion comes in degrees—call them degrees of belief, or credences. 2) The degrees of belief of a rational agent obey the probability calculus. Correspondingly, a natural way to argue for probabilism is: i) to give an account of what degrees of belief are, and then ii) to show that those things should be probabilities, on pain of irrationality. Most of the action in the literature concerns stage ii). Assuming that stage i) has been (...) adequately discharged, various authors move on to stage ii) with varied and ingenious arguments. But an unsatisfactory response at stage i) clearly undermines any gains that might be accrued at stage ii) as far as probabilism is concerned: if those things are not degrees of belief, then it is irrelevant to probabilism whether they should be probabilities or not. In this paper we scrutinize the state of play regarding stage i). We critically examine several of the leading accounts of degrees of belief: reducing them to corresponding betting behavior (de Finetti); measuring them by that behavior (Jeffrey); and analyzing them in terms of preferences and their role in decision-making more generally (Ramsey, Lewis, Maher). We argue that the accounts fail, and so they are unfit to subserve arguments for probabilism. We conclude more positively: ‘degree of belief’ should be taken as a primitive concept that forms the basis of our best theory of rational belief and decision: probabilism. (shrink)

Este artículo reflexiona acerca de las especificidades de la constitución de los monumentos conmemorativos en vínculo con la historia reciente. Para ello, la mirada se centrará en la noción de contramonumentos, entendiendo a estos últimos como aquellas producciones que, inicialmente de la mano de un grupo de artistas alemanes, desafían las premisas del monumento tradicional. En base a esto, se expone, en primera instancia el desarrollo histórico del monumento, destacando determinados sucesos que se consideran significativos dentro de la extensa cronología (...) en la que éste se inscribe; en un segundo momento, se recuperan una serie de reflexiones y debates que problematizan y cuestionan la efectividad de estos objetos culturales en relación a la evocación del pasado; y finalmente, se presentan y analizan un conjunto de producciones artísticas que se enmarcan dentro de lo que se reconoce como contramonumentos. En este sentido, se considera que la revisión de los aspectos formales, conceptuales y funcionales a partir de las cuales James E. Young definió en la década de los noventa a los contramonumentos, ilumina y habilita nuevas reflexiones sobre las diversas intervenciones, acciones de resistencia y producciones artísticas que se llevan a cabo en la actualidad, muchas de las cuales pueden ser pensadas como contramonumentos. (shrink)

As we know, the sacred books of the three religions are not characterized by a gender-friendly approach. In the very beginning of the Old Testament we find the tale of the Fall of Man, where the serpent tempts Eve, who in turn tempts Adam to commit the original sin: to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Eve’s guilt is taken for granted, and rarely discussed. The question of Eve’s guilt was first taken up in Augustine’s De Genesi ad (...) Litteram, and was then later further systematized in Peter Lombard’s Sentences. Isotta Nogarola was a pioneer in taking this discussion beyond university walls, to the intellectual Veronese circles. When Isotta Nogarola pleads for Eve’s case in her Dialogue on the Equal or Unequal Sin of Adam and Eve, she may not be the first to defend Eve, but she has the merit of being a woman who is pleading for a woman’s case. We examine the background of this discussion in Isotta, focusing especially on the scholastic antecedents to this debate. Although most of the quotations cited by Isotta are attributed to early Christian and pagan authors—sources that are typical of humanistic literature—we will demonstrate that many of them are in fact taken from scholastic sources discussing original sin, which are the true immediate sources of Isotta’s dialogue. (shrink)

Despite the fact that their disagreement concerns the most basic metaethical and metaphysical questions regarding our relation to nature, it has become apparent that many anthropocentrists share with nonanthropocentrists a concern for the environment for its own sake, that is to say, a noninstrumental concern for nature. This concern is also present in practical spheres of environmental engagement. With regard to the philosophical task of justifying the claim that we ought to protect nature, this concern imposes on those that share (...) it at least three conditions: priority, independence of future interaction, and universality. Reasonably specified, these conditions are neutral between anthropocentrism and nonanthropocentrism and should be attractive to both camps. Although there are reasons to think it would be difficult to meet all three conditions at the same time, with some modification a promising way to do it becomes apparent. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Sin duda, la preocupación básica del pensamiento de Gilles Deleuze es la ontología. Siempre basado en una reflexión ontológica este filósofo abordará otros campos como la política y la estética. Sin embargo, poco se ha atendido al papel que el lenguaje desempeña con respecto al tema ontológico en esta obra. De hecho el lenguaje parece no ser una de las preocupaciones centrales de Deleuze, a pesar de que los casos en (...) que lo considera con cierta exclusividad son muy significativos, pues terminan constituyendo lo que podría considerarse una teoría sobre el lenguaje que lo pone en una relación esencial con la ontología. En este escrito trataré de reconstruir este cuerpo teórico sobre lenguaje y ontología recurriendo, en primer lugar, a Lógica del sentido y luego a la formulación perfeccionada de “Postulados de la lingüística” y Foucault. (shrink)

The discovery of Neptune was one of the greatest achievements of nineteenth-century astronomy. Using nothing but calculus and some observations of the Uranus’ anomalous motion, Adams and Le Verrier got to determine, independently, the possible place and mass of a hypothetical planet, which would produce its observational discovery. In this paper I will demonstrate that the methods used by these astronomers were influenced by Newton’s method of analysis and synthesis. Considering this, I will also expose, that some astronomy’s general epistemological (...) principles could be deduced when we consider these investigation methods. (shrink)

Biometric identity systems are now a prominent feature of contemporary law enforcement, including in Europe. Often advanced on the premise of efficiency and accuracy, they have also been the subject of significant controversy. Much attention has focussed on longer-standing biometric data collection, such as finger-printing and facial recognition, foregrounding concerns with the impact such technologies can have on the nature of policing and fundamental human rights. Less researched is the growing use of voice recognition in law enforcement. This paper examines (...) the case of the recent Speaker Identification Integrated Project, a European wide initiative to create the first international and interoperable database of voice biometrics, now the third largest biometric database at Interpol. Drawing on Freedom of Information requests, interviews and public documentation, we outline the emergence and features of SiiP and explore how voice is recognised and attributed meaning. We understand Speaker Identification Integrated Project as constituting a particular ‘regime of recognition’ premised on the use of soft biometrics to disembed voice in order to optimise for difference. This, in turn, has implications for the nature and scope of law enforcement, people's position in society, and justice concerns more broadly. (shrink)

Norms are a pervasive yet mysterious feature of social life. In Explaining Norms, four philosophers and social scientists team up to grapple with some of the many mysteries, offering a comprehensive account of norms: what they are; how and why they emerge, persist and change; and how they work.

In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the fast and equitable distribution of effective vaccines worldwide is one of the challenges faced by international institutions in charge, as global equity in vaccine supply has not yet been achieved. Our paper explains the current state of ethical research on equity in global COVID-19 vaccine allocation, focusing on the COVAX Facility established by the WHO, acting as the global vaccine distributor. The article presents a detailed analysis of the first year of (...) COVAX allocation in 2021 identifying problematic aspects of its allocation framework regarding the implementation of COVAX’s fundamental allocation principles. We argue that the COVAX Facility has developed a proper concept to deal with global vaccine allocation—but to address uncovered defaults, we introduce the ‘Prioritized Distribution of Equal Shares’ model—a both ethical and practically feasible alternative allocation framework to protect the value of human lives in both high- and low-income countries through fair and fast global vaccine distribution in health emergencies. Nonetheless, we argue that the COVAX Facility remains the main organization to provide equitable access to vaccines. Yet, the global community has to consider further aspects such as patent protection, vaccine production and the lack of power of global structures to address the inequities that have arisen. Since new wars and further crises have arisen, a shift in public global attention endangers the processing of COVID-19-related issues. That is why now more than ever extensive efforts to achieve vaccine equity are needed. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Our aim in this article is to offer a new justification for preferring theories that are more quantitatively parsimonious than their rivals. We discuss cases where it seems clear that those involved opted for more quantitatively parsimonious theories. We extend previous work on quantitative parsimony by offering an independent probabilistic justification for preferring the more quantitatively parsimonious theories in particular episodes of theory choice. Our strategy allows us to avoid worries that other considerations, such as pragmatic factors of computational (...) tractability and so on, could be the driving ones in the historical cases under consideration. _1_ Introduction _2_ Three Desiderata _2.1_ Limiting _2.2_ Robustness _2.3_ Breadth _2.3.1_ A limited success for Baker _2.3.2_ Rejecting Baker’s analysis _2.4_ The proposal _3_ Probabilistically Additive Hypotheses and a Bayesian Account: The Limpid Rationale Relativized and Reconsidered _3.1_ Neutrinos and beta decay _3.2_ Avogadro’s hypothesis _3.3_ Postulation of Neptune _4_ Conclusion. (shrink)

The article analyzes one of the fundamental rights – the right to maintenance, which proper implementation ensures normal development of the child. This right matches with the duty of parents to maintain their minor children. Paragraph 6 of Article 38 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania states that parents have a duty to educate their children to be honest people and loyal citizens, supporting them until adulthood. The obligation to maintain children is established in the first 3.192 Article (...) paragraph of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the responsibility for avoiding to maintain a child is provided in Article 164 of the Criminal Code. The article discusses the fact that the analysis of criminal law rate is not precise enough. Article 164 of the Criminal Code does not match with the child maintenance methods specified in the CC Article 3.196 paragraph 1. Since criminal liability is only for judgment in default in civil cases, a person shall only be liable for breaking the right to maintain a child, provided in the CC 3.196 paragraph 1. This article deeply analyzes the problematic qualification aspects of the avoidance to maintain a child. Some alternative ways of child maintenance are mentioned, as can be chosen from other law instruments (bailiffs, Guarantee child support fund) and it leads to the ultima ratio principle. On the other hand, it is not required to seek alternative remedies for affected interests, and it is possible to initiate a pre-trial investigation. Therefore, this article seeks to identify specific civil and criminal law rules delimitation. Avoidance of child maintenance is an ongoing crime. The main problem in legal practice is to determine an end of this ongoing criminal conduct. The practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania is not unanimous. In some cases, the end of this ongoing conduct is considered to be a moment when the past judgment has entered into force, in other cases – the moment of indictment. These positions are criticized by many authors and it is suggested to follow the Supreme Court’s practice, according to which the moment when a judgment of conviction for the criminal act is passed should be considered as an end of an ongoing criminal conduct. (shrink)

La escritura para la reflexión pedagógica es una competencia profesional docente que debe ser desarrollada durante la formación inicial para que, posteriormente, pueda ser aplicada en diversos contextos educativos, enriqueciendo así el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje tanto del propio profesor como de los estudiantes con los que este interactúa. El ámbito de formación práctica es un espacio curricular donde esta competencia asume mayor preponderancia, pues el futuro profesor debe transferir diversos conocimientos teóricos hacia el ejercicio de aula. Bajo este (...) contexto, es posible reconocer la producción y circulación de ciertos géneros escritos específicos que dan cuenta de esta competencia. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal caracterizar, desde una perspectiva socioretórica, los géneros de reflexión pedagógica que escriben los estudiantes de dos carreras de pedagogía de una universidad chilena durante su formación práctica. Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo y con un diseño de Estudios de Casos Múltiples, se aplicaron dos instrumentos de recolección de datos: entrevistas semiestructuradas y focus group a profesores y estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Especial y Educación Parvularia. Entre los principales resultados destacan el reconocimiento de la escritura como un recurso que recoge la reflexión pedagógica de los profesores en formación; la utilización de determinados géneros pedagógicos en cada carrera y además la existencia de una progresión en el uso de estos de acuerdo a la complejidad y avance en el recorrido formativo del Plan de Estudios. (shrink)

Dans le présent article est proposée une édition complète des gloses de Pétrarque conservées dans le ms. Paris, BnF, lat. 2103. Ce manuscrit contient une anthologie d’ouvrages d’Augustine dont la plupart porte sur la grâce et le libre arbitre. Une courte description de la typologie des gloses accompagne l’édition.

Since 2004, Nanyan Cao and some other scholars have implicitly or explicitly claimed that engineering ethics in China is importantly different from engineering ethics in the United States. The evidence for that claim relies on examination of official documents or certain large features of Chinese society. Though neither is an uncommon approach to studying engineering ethics in China, neither actually studies engineering practice in China. This article does—or at least gets much closer. The authors have asked almost two hundred Chinese (...) engineers about what they do and why they do it. The responses suggest that Chinese engineers, or at least those surveyed, think about engineering ethics much as American engineers do. The responses also suggest that much more empirical work needs to be done before we can claim to understand either the similarities or differences between engineering ethics in China and engineering ethics in “the West.”. (shrink)